Modern American History

Reconstruction

I: Consequences of the Civil War

                A: End of Slavery

                                1. Emancipation Proclamation 1863

                                2. 13th Amendment to Constitution 1865

                B:  A Restored Union

                                1. Lincoln's view-union was indivisible/could not be dissolved

                                2. 14th Amendment defined rights of American citizens 1868

                                                a. Due Process

                                                b. Equal protection under the law

                                                c. Made freedmen citizens with all rights & privileges

                                3. Brought to an end tensions over extension of slavery

                                4. Government policies aimed at drawing the country together

                                                a. 1st Transcontinental Railroad 1869

II: Relationship between North and South

                A:  Initial Stage 1865-66

1. Re-admission of Southern states

                a. Black codes

2. Confiscation of Southern Property

                a. "Forty acres & a mule"

3. Andrew Johnson's plan for reconstructing the South

                B:  Radical or Congressional Reconstruction 1867-1877

                                1. Military Reconstruction

                                2. Ratification of 14th Amendment [Citizenship]

                                3. Ratification of 15th Amendment [Universal male suffrage]

                                4. Formation of new Southern state governments

a. Southern Republican Party

b. Election of black officials

                                5. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

                C: Lives of Southern Blacks

                                1. Economically-Sharecropping/tenant farming

                                2. Socially-Formation of black communities, growth of new

institutions free of white control--churches, schools

                D:  Southern White Resistance

                                1. Vigilante Groups-KKK best known

                                2. Use of terror

III: End of Reconstruction 1877 Success? Failure?

                A: Disputed Election 1876

                B: Withdrawal of Federal Troops

                C: Beginning of Jim Crowism/ disenfranchisement

 

New South

I:  New South and Industrialization

                A: Proponents of an industrialized South

1. Henry Grady

2. Limited to industries tied to staple crops

                a. Textile Mills

                b. Tobacco Plants

                B: "Southern Burden"

                                1. Dependency on staple crops

                                2. Soil Mining

                                3. Absentee Ownership

                C:  Pattern of Southern Agriculture

                                1. Sharecropping &Tenant Farming

                                2.Crop Lien system

                                                a. Peonage based on debt

                                                b. Poverty--1/2 income rest of country

II:  Race Relations in the New South After 1877

                A.: Disenfranchisement of Black Voters

                                1. Methods--Literacy tests, Poll taxes, All white primaries

                                Grandfather clause

                                2. Purpose-Ensure white supremacy

                B: Jim Crow Segregation

                                1. Discrimination in public facilities, schools, railroads

                                2. Draw color line across the South

                C:  Supreme Court & Segregation

                                1. Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

                                                a. Established Doctrine of separate but equal

                                2. Cummings v. Board of Education

                                                b. Public Schools

                D:  Violence as a form of Social Control

                                1. Lynchings

                                2. Race Riots-Wilmington NC                                         

III:  African-American Responses to Segregation

                A: Booker T. Washington

                                1. Tuskegee Institute-emphasis on vocational education

                                2. Atlanta Compromise Speech 1895

                B: W. E. B. DuBois

                                1. Education of the Talented Tenth

                                2. Continued insistence on civil & political Rights

                                                a. NAACP 1909

                C: Others

                                1. Bishop Henry Turner- Back to Africa

                                2. Ida Wells-Anti-lynching Law

                                3. Migration

 

The West

I:  Significance of West in American History

                A: As a factor in the unification of the country

                B: As part of an emerging industrial society

                C: As part of our national mythology-manifest destiny

II:  Subjugation of the Western Tribes

                A: Military Action

                B: Government policies

                                1. Reservation

                                2. Dawes Severalty Act 1887

                C: Internal Migration Westward

                                1. Discovery of Precious Metals

                                2. Railroads

                                3. Homesteading

                                                a. Homestead Act 1862

                                                b. Morrill Act 1862

                                                c. Oklahoma Land Rushes

                D: Killing of the Buffalo

III:   Indian Wars of the West 1860-1890

                A: Sand Creek Massacre 1864

                B: Battle of Little Big Horn

                C: Wounded Knee Massacre 1890

IV:  Western Frontiers & the Growth of a National Economy

                A: Railroads

                B: Mining

                C: Cattle

                D: Agricultural

V:  Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis

 

America Industrializes 1870-1900

I:  Factors Necessary for rapid Industrialization

                A: Well-developed transportation system

                                1. Railroads-Creation of a national market

                                a. Raw materials to manufacturing centers

                                                b. Factories to farms-Mail order catalogs

                                2. Communication--cables, telephone

                B: Abundant Raw Materials

                C: Government Assistance to Business

                                1. Land Grants, subsidies

                                2. Tariff

                D: Growing Labor Pool

                                1. Natural Increase

                                2. Internal Migration

                                3. Immigration

                E:  Inventions & Innovations

                                1. Edison-Wizard of Menlo Park

                                2. Carnegie & Steel

                                3. Swift & Refrigerated Railway car

                F: New Industrial Combinations

                                1. Corporations-Big business

                                2. Methods of consolidation

                                                a. Vertical integration

                                                b. Horizontal integration

                                3. Rationale for consolidation

                G: New ways of organizing work

                                1. Assembly line mass production

                                2. Taylorism & the Gospel of Efficiency

                H: Entrepreneurs- Risk Takers

                                1. Capitalism & the Free Market

II: Robber Barons or Captains of Industry?

                A: J. Pierpont Morgan-Financier

                B: John D. Rockefeller & Standard Oil

                C: Andrew Carnegie & Steel

                D: Rationales for Accumulation of Wealth

                                1. Social Darwinism-Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth"

                                2. Rags to Riches & Myth of the Self Made Man

III: Worker in the New Industrial State

                A: Worker as a cog in the machine

                B: Conditions of the workplace

                                1. Low wages

                                2. Long hours

                                3. Unsafe working conditions

                                                a. Triangle Shirtwaist fire 1911

                C: Organize or Die

                                1. 1st National labor organizations

                                                a. National Labor Union-1866

                                                b. Knights of Labor-1869

                                                                1. "All who toiled"

                                                                2. Knights & the Haymarket Riot

                                2. American Federation of Labor-1886

                                                a. Craft Unionism

                                                b. Gompers & Bread & Butter issues

                                3. More radical unions

                                                a. Molly Maguires-1870s

                                                b. Industrial Workers of the World-IWW 1905

                                4. Women's Unions

                                                a. Women's Trade Union League

                                                b. International Ladies Garment Workers Union

                                4. Socialism & the American worker

                D: Industrial Warfare 1870-1900

                                1. Great Railway Strike 1877

                                2. Haymarket Riot 1886

                                3. Homestead Strike 1892

                                4. Pullman Strike 1894

 

Urban Industrialism

I:  Immigration as a factor in the Growth of  American cities

                A: "New Immigrants

                                1. Contrast with "Old Immigrants"

                                                a. Northern & Western Europe

                                                b. Settled in Midwest farming communities

                                                c.  Protestant

                                                d. Exception Irish-city dwellers/Catholic

                                2. New Immigrants

a. Eastern & Southern Europe                                         

b. Concentrated in industrial cities

                                                c. Roman Catholic & Jewish

d. Living conditions-tenements & slums

                                3. Assimilation of New immigrants

                B: Nativism

                                1. Anti-Immigrant Organizations

                                                a. Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

                                2. Labor Unions

II: Social Stratification of cities

                A: Lower Class

                B: Wealthy

                C: Middle Class

III: The Urban Landscape

                A:  New forms of transportation-mass transit systems

                B: Construction of skyscrapers, bridges utilizing products of Industry

                C: Leisure Activities

                D: City planning

                                1. Parks, Museums

                                2. Columbian Exposition 1893

                                                1. Chicago's "white city"

 

Response to Industrialization: Populist and Progressive Movements

I: Agrarian Protests

A: Farmers begin to organize

1.The Problem as Farmers saw it

2.Granger Movement

3. Farmer's Alliances

B: Formation of the Populist Party 1892

1.Populist Platform

2. Election of  1896 /William McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan ("Cross of Gold")

II: Progressive Era 1895-1920

A: The Problem as Progressives saw it

1.Who were the progressives

2. Objectives and methods

B: Muckrakers

 1. Jacob Riis (How the Other Lives)

2. Lincoln Steffans (Shame of the Cities)

3. lda Tarbell (History of Standard Oil)

4. Upton Sinclair (The Jung1e)

5.  McClure's Magazine

C: Women & Social Reform

1.       Settlement House Movement

a. Model--Chicago's Hull House & Jane Addams

b. 400 Settlement Houses in cities across the country

             2. Family Planning and Birth Control /Margaret Sanger

             3. Temperance Crusade

        a. Women's Christian Temperance Union

               b. 18th Amendment to Constitution 1919

             4. Woman's Suffrage

                      a. National Woman Suffrage Association /Carrie Chapman Catt      

        b. National Woman's Party /Alice Paul

        c. 19th Amendment to the Constitution 1920

D:  African-Americans & Progressivism

1.       W. E. B. DuBois & Niagara Movement

2.       National Association for the Advancement of Colored People /NAACP

E: Political Reform

1. Urban Reformers

a.        Ward Politics /Party Machines such as Tammany Hall

b.        City Managers; Non-          partisan elections

              2. State Reformers

                       a. Increased Citizen participation

                     b. Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Direct primary

                     c. Robert LaFollette & Wisconsin-"Laboratory of progressivism"

                     d. Public Ownership of Utilities

III:   Progressive Presidents: National Political and Economic Reform

A.      Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1908

1. TR as "Trustbuster" --J. P. Morgan's Northern Securities Company 1902

2. TR's "Square Deal"

      a. Anthracite Coal Strike 1902; Hepburn Act 1906 (Railroads)        

      b.Pure Food & Drug Act 1906; Meat Inspection Act 1906 (The Jungle)

3. TR as Conservationist

B.      William Howard Taft 1908-1912

        1. Prosecution of Trusts (Standard Oil, American Tobacco Company, US Steel)

C.      Election of 1912 [Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism” (Progressive or Bull Moose Party); Woodrow Wilson’s “ New Freedom” (Democrat);

Wm Howard Taft (Republican); Eugene Debs (Socialist)]

D.      Woodrow Wilson 1912-1920

       1. Financial Reform

a. Federal Reserve Act 1913; Underwood Tariff 1913; Clayton Anti-trust Act 1914               

  2. Social Reform

          a. Keating-Owen Act Child Labor Law 1916 (Found Unconstitutional by Supreme Court)]

IV:  Progressive Amendments

1. XVI (16th) Amendment 1913 (Income Tax)

2. XVII (17th) Amendment 1913 (Direct Election of Senators)

3. XVIII (18th) Amendment 1919 (Prohibition)

4. XIX Amendment (19th) 1920 (Woman Suffrage)]

 

 

America’s Rise to World Power: War and Empire

I: Precedents to Empire

1.       Seward & Alaska 1867

2.       US and the Pacific

a.        Midway Island 1867

b.        Samoan Islands

c.        Hawaii 1893

I:   Building an Empire

                A: Forces behind Expansion

1.       Economic-Industrial Revolution

2.       Strategic—Mahan’s “Large Policy”

3.       “New Imperialism” 1870-1900

4.       Ideological/Racial--“White man’s burden”

5.       America’s “psychic crisis”? Hofstader

6.       Differences between formal/informal empires

                B:  Spanish-American War 1898

1.       Liberation of Cuba

2.       Acquisition of Philippine Islands

                C: Formal empire-making the Philippines a Colony

1.       Imperialists

2.       Anti-Imperialists

3.       Filipino Insurrection 1889-1902

                D. Informal Empire in Central America & the Caribbean

                                1. Cuba and the Platt Amendment 1901

                                                a. Model for subsequent interventions

                                                in Mexico, Haiti, Dominican Republic,

                                                Nicaragua, Cuba

b. Gunboat, dollar, and moral diplomacy

4.       Roosevelt’s Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

a.        Big Stick Diplomacy

5.       Building of the Panama Canal 1903-1914

II: United States in Asia

                A: Open Door in China

                B: United States and Japan

1.       Agreements between US/Japan protect American Pacific possessions

2.       Encouragement of a more democratic China

 

 

 

World War I

Coming of War in Europe

August 1914 [Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand; Europe at War]

Underlying Causes of War [European Alliance System; Anglo-German Rivalry; Arms Race]

WW1:  The Great War 1914-1918

Belligerents [Central Powers; Allies]

Naval War [British Blockade; German Submarine Warfare (Lusitania)]

Land War [Western Front (Trench Warfare, Mustard Gas, Machine Guns)]

Russian Revolution1917 [Lenin & Bolsheviks; Allied Intervention in Russia]

Peace [Armistice, November 11, 1918]

Am Entry into War April 1917

Zimmerman Telegram 1917 [Mexico & Germany]

American war aims [Wilson-"Peace without Victory; "World Made Safe for Democracy"]

Fourteen Points 1918 [Wilson's New World Order--League of Nations]

War at Home

Ensuring National Unity [100% Americanism Campaign; Anti-German Campaign]

Suppressing Dissent [Espionage Act 1917; Sabotage Act-Sedition Act 1918; Schenck v. United States 1919 (Clear and Present Danger)]

Paris Peace Conference 1919

Negotiating the Peace [Big Four (Germany; Shandong; A "new Europe; Treaty of Versailles (Paris)]

Battle for the Treaty [Wilson & US Senate (Article X; Final Vote]

Aftermath of War 1919-1920

Economic Disruptions [Strikes; Red Scare 1919-1920 [Palmer Raids (J. Edgar Hoover)]

Influenza Pandemic 1917-18

Black Scare [Race Riots; "Red Summer” 1919 (Chicago)]

Twenties

Politics

Republican Era [Harding; Coolidge; Hoover]

Traditionalists

Nativism [National Origins Acts 1924-1929; Sacco &Vanzetti]

Ku Klux Klan

Religious Fundamentalism [Scopes Trial 1925]

Prohibition [Speakeasies; Organized Crime (Scarface Al Capone; Bootlegging)]

Modernists

 "New" Woman [Flappers; Revolution in manners & mores]

Alienated Writers & Intellectuals [Lost Generation (Hemingway; Fitzgerald; Eliot]

Southern Renaissance [Faulkner]

Social Critics [Mencken; Sinclair Lewis]

Harlem Renaissance [Langston Hughes); Jazz]

Black Nationalism [Marcus Garvey-UNIA]

Prosperity of the 1920s   

Sources of Prosperity [Consumer Spending; Construction; Automobile]

Heroes [Charles Lindbergh (Spirit of St. Louis/"Lone Eagle")]

Consumerism [Advertising]

Henry Ford [Mass Produced Automobile; Moving Assembly line; Installment Buying]

Labor & Management [Welfare Capitalism;” American Plan”; Yellow Dog Contracts]

The Great Depression  

Underlying Causes of the Depression [Over Expansion; Under Consumption;

                Structural Weaknesses; Stock Speculation]

Wall Street Crash [Black Tuesday--October 29, 1929]

Herbert Hoover & the Great Depression [Reconstruction Finance Corporation]

"Riding the Rails;" [1931 Scottsboro Boys]

Dust Bowl Refugees [Dust storms; Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath]

Cruelest Year 1932  [Hoovervilles; Bread lines; Soup kitchens; Mass Unemployment]

Bonus Expeditionary Force-BEF 1932 [General MacArthur]

The New Deal

Election of 1932

Hoover v. FDR [Brain Trust]

First New Deal, 1933-1935 (1st Hundred Days)

Immediate Measures [Emergency Banking Act 1933 (Bank Holiday]

Industrial Recovery [1933 National Industrial Recovery Act; "Blue Eagle" Public Works Administration-PWA; Section7A]

Agricultural Recovery [1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act-AAA]

Supreme Court & 1st New Deal 1935-36 [NIRA; AAA]

Regional Planning [1933 Tennessee Valley Authority]

Financial Reforms [1933 Glass-Steagall Act (FDIC); 1933 Truth in Securities Act (Securities & Exchange Commission-SEC)]

Federal Relief 1933-35 [Federal Emergency Relief Act--FERA (Civil Works Administration-CWA/Harry Hopkins); Civilian Conservation Corps-CCC]

New Deal Opponents [Conservatives; Liberal]

Popular Protests [Dr. Francis Townsend; Father Charles Coughlin; Huey Long]               

2nd New Deal, 1935-1937  (2nd Hundred Days)

Federal Relief [Works Progress Administration-WPA (Harry Hopkins); Federal Arts/Writers/Theater Projects]

Social Security Act 1935

Labor & the New Deal [National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) 1935; Fair Labor Standards Act 1938]

Industrial Unionism [1938 Congress of Industrial Organizations--CIO; Sit-down strikes]

New Deal in Disarray:   (1937-1939)

Supreme Court & New Deal [FDR's Court Packing Scheme 1937]

Roosevelt Recession 1937-1939

New Deal as a Broker State [Women; African-Americans; Native Americans]

Between the Wars

Independent Internationalism