Mid Term Examination Study Review
Dr. Kilgroe Fall 2008
Reconstruction and its Aftermath
Reconstruction
Presidential Reconstruction 1865-1866[Lincoln; Johnson]
Abolition of Slavery [Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation 1863; XIII (13th) Amendment to the
Constitution 1865]
Initial Efforts to Assist Freedpeople [Freedman's Bureau 1865-1870]
Restoration of Southern Governments 1865-1866 [Amnesty for Former Confederates; Black Codes]
Radical Reconstruction 1866-1877 [Radical Republicans Stevens/Sumner; Election of 1866; Military Reconstruction
Act 1867; Tenure of Office Act]
Definition of the Rights of Citizens [XIV (14th) Amendment to the Constitution 1868 (Due Process/
Equal Protection Under the Law); Extension of Federal Power]]
Universal Male Suffrage [XV (15th) Amendment to the Constitution 1870]
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 1868 [Tenure of Office Act]
Republican-led Reconstruction Governments [Southern Republican Party (African Americans;
Carpetbaggers; Scalawags); Election of Black Officials]
Construction of African-American Communities [Black schools; Churches]
Pattern of Southern Agriculture [Sharecropping; Tenant farming; Crop Lien System]
White Resistance to Reconstruction [Ku Klux Klan (Nathan Bedford Forrest; Birth of a Nation);
Ku Klux Klan Acts 1870-71;Red Shirts (NC); Mississippi Plan]
Compromise of 1877 [Election of 1876 (Hayes vs. Tilden); Withdrawal of Federal Troops]
End of Reconstruction [Northern Public Opinion; "Redeemer" Governments & "Home Rule"(White Supremacy)]
The New South
An Industrialized South? [Henry Grady; Southern Industries (Birmingham, the Pittsburgh of the
South; Textile/Lumber Mills)]
Disenfranchisement of African-American voters [Poll Tax; Literacy Test; Grandfather Clause;
White Only Democratic Primaries]
De jure Segregation [Jim Crow Laws]
Lynchings 1889-1899 [Ida Wells’s “Unwritten law”]
Supreme Court & Segregation [Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896; Cummings vs. County Board of Education 1899; Doctrine
of "Separate but Equal"]
African-American Response to Jim Crow Segregation [Booker T. Washington (Atlanta Compromise Speech 1895;
Tuskegee Institute) W.E.B. DuBois ("Talented Tenth;" Souls of Black Folks 1903); Ida B. Wells (Anti-lynching
Movement; Boycotts); Bishop Henry Turner (Back to Africa Movement); Exodusters (Kansas)]
Wilmington Race Riot 1898
Settling the West
Indian Wars of the West 1860s-1890s
Settlement of the Great Plains [Trans-Mississippi West]
Reservation System 1850-1890s [Subjugation of Plains Indians]
Sand Creek Massacre 1864 [Colorado Militia]
Fort LaramieTreaty 1868 [Sioux; ( Black Hills of the Dakotas)]
Battle of Little Big Horn 1876 [Custer's Last Stand; Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse]
Efforts to undermine Tribal Culture 1880s [Indian Schools (Carlisle); Reservations (From
Sovereignty to Dependency); Dawes Severalty Act 1887 (Breakup of Tribal Lands into
Privately held land)]
Destruction of the Buffalo [Buffalo Bill Cody]
Chief Joseph [Nez Perce;]
Wounded Knee Massacre 1890 [Ghost Dance; Killing of Sitting Bull; Chief Big Foot & his band]
Railroads
1st Transcontinental Railroad [Union & Central Pacific Railroads; Promontory Point Utah 1869;
Government Subsidies and Land Grants to Railroads; California's Big Four (Huntington,
Hopkins, Stanford, Crocker); Importation of Chinese workers]
Western Frontiers
Mining Frontier [Discovery of Gold & Silver (Nevada's Comstock Lode)]
Cattle Frontier [Cowboys & Cattle Drives (Texas Longhorns); Rail heads in Missouri/Kansas)]
Agricultural Frontier [Homestead Act 1862; Morrill Act 1862(Land Grant Colleges; Oklahoma Land Rush 1889;
Cherokee Strip 1893]
Life on the Great Plains [Sodbusters; Greening of the Great Plains; Mechanization of Agriculture (McCormick Reaper);
Commercial Farming]
Frederick Jackson Turner [Frontier Thesis]
Triumph of Industrial Capitalism
Factors Responsible for America's Rapid Industrialization
Inventions [Thomas Edison’s Incandescent light (GE); Westinghouse's high-voltage alternating
current system; Alexander Graham Bell's telephone (AT&T)]
Technology [Bessemer Process (Steel); Refrigerated railway cars (Meatpacking)]
Natural Resources [Iron Ore (Mesabi Range); Coal & coke; Crude Oil (Western Pennsylvania)]
Government(s) [Laissez-faire; Land grants & subsidies to railroads; Tariffs (“Mother of Trusts”]
Transportation/Communication [Railroads; Inner City Transit systems; Telegraphs; Inter-oceanic
cables; Steam Ships]
Industrial Capitalists: Robber Barons or Captains o[ Industry?
Ideology of Individualism [Self-made Man; Horatio Alger ("Rags to Riches")]
Andrew Carnegie [Steel empire; "Gospel of Wealth” (Social Darwinism); Philanthropies (Millionaire as Steward)]
John D. Rockefeller [Standard Oil of Ohio; Standard Oil of New Jersey; Trusts (Horizontal Integration); University of
Chicago]
Gustavus Swift [Meatpacking; Refrigerated railway car; The Jungle; Vertical Integration]
J. P. Morgan [Investment banking; Railroads; U.S. Steel 1901]
Critics o[ Industrial Capitalism
The Gilded Age 1870-1890 [The Gilded Age 1873 (Mark Twain with Charles Dudley Warner)]
Big Business
Consolidation of Industry [Corporations; Mergers; Economies of Scale; Trusts; Monopolies]
Organizational Innovations [Vertical Integration; Horizontal Integration]
Government & Business [Laissez-faire capitalism; Interstate Commerce Act 1887; Sherman Anti-
Trust Act 1890]
Assembly Line Mass Production [Gospel of Efficiency; Taylorism (Time Clock)]
Workers & the New Industrial State ["Iron Law of Wages;" Dangerous Workplaces (Triangle Shirtwaist fire 1911)]
Makeup of Industrial Work Force [Skilled workers; Unskilled or semi-skilled (Immigrants; Displaced Farmers; Women & Children]
Unions
Reformist Unions [Knights of Labor 1869]
Radical Unions [Molly Maguires; Industrial Workers of the World 1905 (IWW or Wobblies)]
Craft Unionism [American Federation of Labor 1886 (AFof L; Samuel Gompers)]
Industrial Unionism [United Mine Workers 1890; IWW]
Women's Unions [National Women's Trade Union League 1903; Int. Ladies Garment Workers Union; Sweatshops]
Industrial Warfare
1877 Great Railway Strike I1st major interstate strike]
Haymarket Bombing 1886 [German-American Anarchists (Haymarket Square)]
Homestead Strike 1892 [Frick & Carnegie; Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers; Pinkertons]
Pullman Strike 1894 [George Pullman (Pullman’s Town; Eugene Debs/American Railway Union; President Grover Cleveland]
Immigration
"Old" Immigrants [Northern & Western Europe (Germany, England, Scandinavia); Protestant; Farmers); Ireland (Roman
Catholic; City Dwellers; NYC’s Tammany Hall)]
"New" Immigrants [Eastern & Southern Europe (Russia, Poland, Greece, Italy); Roman Catholic & Jewish;Dumbbell Tenements]
Ethnic Enclaves[Assimilation; Public Schools & Libraries]
Ellis Island 1892 [Major Entry Point for "new" immigrants 1880s-1920s]
Nativism [American Protective Association; Immigration Restrictions 1880s-1920s (Chinese Exclusion Act 1882)]
Urban Landscapes
The Poor [Jacob Riis' How the Other Half Lives (1890); Urban slums (Tenements; "Street Arabs")]
The Rich [5thAve Mansions; Newport, RI "cottages; "ConspicuousConsumption"; Veblen's Theory of the Leisure Class 1899)]
The New Middle Class [Suburbs; Mass Transit: Department Stores]
Architecture [New York (Skyscrapers/ NY's Brooklyn Bridge 1883/ New York’s Flat Iron Building 1900); Chicago (Louis
Sullivan/Frank Lloyd Wright)]
City Planning [Columbian Exposition 1893 (Chicago); City Beautiful Movement]
Leisure [High Culture (Operas/symphonies/museums); Low Culture (Vaudeville/Ethnic Theatre);
ln-Between Culture (Baseball, Amusement Parks (Coney Island)]
Response to Industrialization: Populism & Progressivism
Agrarian Revolt
Populism [Granger Movement; Farmer's Alliances; Populists (Omaha Platform 1892, William Jennings Bryan)]
Progressive Reformers
Muckrakers [Jacob Riis (How the Other Lives); Lincoln Steffans (Shame of the Cities); lda Tarbell (History of Standar
Oil); Upton Sinclair (The Jung1e); McClure's Magazine]
Women & Social Reform
Settlement House Movement [Chicago's Hull House (Jane Addams/Dr. Alice Hamilton, Florence
Kelley); Henry Street Settlement (Lillian Wald)]
Family Planning [Birth Control (Margaret Sanger)]
Temperance Crusade [Women's Christian Temperance Union; 18th Amendment to Constitution
1919]
Woman's Suffrage [National Woman Suffrage Association (Carrie Chapman Catt); National
Woman's Party (Alice Paul); 19th Amendment to the Constitution 1920]
African-Americans & Progressivism
W.E.B. DuBois [NAACP 1909 (Niagara Movement; The Crisis)]
Political Reform
Urban Reform [Party Machines (Tammany Hall); City Managers; Non-partisan elections]
State Reform [Citizen Participation (Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Direct primary); Public Ownership of Utilities]
National Political and Economic Reform: Progressive Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1908 [TR as "Trustbuster" (Swift & Company)]
TR's "Square Deal" [Anthracite Coal Strike 1902; Pure Food & Drug Act 1906; Meat Inspection Act 1906 (The Jungle)]
TR & Conservation [Protection of Existing Parks/Addition of New Lands]
Wm Howard Taft 1908-1912 [Prosecution of Trusts (Standard Oil, American Tobacco Company, US Steel]
Election of 1912 [Roosevelt (Progressive or Bull Moose Party); Woodrow Wilson (Democrat); William Howar
Taft (Republican); Eugene Debs (Socialist)]
Woodrow Wilson 1912-1920 [Federal Reserve Act 1913; Keating-Owen Act Child Labor Law 1916]
Progressive Amendments [XVI (16th) Amendment 1913 (Income Tax); XVII (17th) Amendment 1913 (Direct Election of Senators);
XVIII(18th) Amendment 1919 (Prohibition); XIX Amendment (19th) 1920 (Woman Suffrage)]
US as a World Power
Prelude to Imperialism
Post-Civil War Expansionists [William Seward & Alaska 1867; Hawaii 1893-1898; Samoa Islands 1878]
"Large policy" Advocates [Alfred Thayer Mahan (Influence of Sea Power on History 1890) Navalism]
Economic & Ideological Roots of the "New Imperialism" [Industrial Revolution (Markets abroad, Colonies, Spheres of Influence); Nationalism; Racism ("White Man's Burden")]
Spanish American War
Cuban Revolt against Spain [Maine; TR & Rough Ridersl
Treaty of Paris 1898 [Cuba (Teller Amendment 1898, Platt Amendment 1903)]
US as an Imperialist Power [Imperialist/Anti-imperialist Debate 1899; Filipino Insurrection 1899-1902]
United States and the Americas
TR's Big Stick Diplomacy [Roosevelt‘s Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine 1904; Panama Canal 1903-1914]
US Military & Economic Interventions in Central Am-Caribbean 1895-1934 [Platt Amendment; Gunboat Diplomacy; Dollar Diplomacy; Moral Diplomacy)]
United States and Asia
US & China [Open Door Policy 1899-1900; Chinese Revolution 1911]
US & Japan [TR & Russo-Japanese War 1904-05; Gentleman's Agreement 1907; Great White Fleet 1908)]
Great War: World War I
Coming of War in Europe
August 1914 [Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]
Underlying Causes of War [European Alliance System; Anglo-German Rivalry; Arms Race]
WW1: The Great War 1914-1918
Belligerents [Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey); Allies (Great Britain, France, Russia, & in 1917 United States)]
Naval War [British Blockade; German Submarine Warfare (Lusitania); US Response (Gore-McLemore Resolution 1916)]
Land War [Western Front (Trench Warfare, Mustard Gas, Machine Guns)]
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia 1917 [Lenin & Bolsheviks; Allied Intervention in Russia 1918-21]
Peace [Armistice, November 11, 1918]
Am Entry into War April 1917
Zimmerman Telegram 1917 [Mexico & Germany]
American war aims [Wilson ("Peace without Victory, "World Made Safe for Democracy"]
Fourteen Points 1918 [Wilson's New World Order (League of Nations)]
War at Home
Ensuring National Unity [Committee on Public Information; 100 % Americanism Campaign; Anti-German Campaignl
Suppressing Dissent [Espionage Act 1917; Sabotage Act & Sedition Act 1918; Eugene Debs; IWW; Schenck v. United States 1919]
Organizing for war [War Industries Board (WIB); Nationalization of Railroads]
Paris Peace Conference 1919
Negotiating the Peace [Big Four & Wilson's Fourteen Points; Treaty of Versailles; League of Nations; A "New Europe"]
Battle for the Treaty at Home [Wilson & US Senate (Article X, Lodge Reservations]